Dementia or senility isn’t a specific disease. Instead, it
is a broad category of symptoms that affect the brain and causes memory loss. The
loss of memory affects social abilities and cognitive skills that are severe
enough to interfere with daily life.
The most common form of dementia is Alzheimer’s disease,
which accounts for 60%-80% of all dementia cases. Other common types of
dementia include vascular dementia – accounting for 25%, Lewy body dementia –
accounting for 15% and frontotemporal dementia. A person can be affected by
more than one type of dementia.
Every 3 seconds, someone in the world develops dementia.
There were an estimated 46.8 million people worldwide living with dementia in
2015 and this number is believed to be close to 50 million people in 2017. 5.2%
of people over the age of 60 are living with dementia globally. The number of
people with dementia will almost double every 20 years, reaching 75 million in
2030 and 131.5 million in 2050. Developing
countries will see much of theincrease. Currently, around 58% of people with dementia live in low-
and middle-income countries, but this will rise to 68% by 2050. The fastest
growth in the elderly population is taking place in China, India, and their
south Asian and western Pacific neighbors.
There are about 5.7 million people of all ages are affected
with Alzheimer’s disease in the USA. Almost two thirds of Americans with
Alzheimer’s are women.
According to Alzheimer’s Society, UK, an estimated 850,000
people are affected by dementia in the UK, with the number expected to rise to
over 1 million by 2025. It is expected that 225,000 people will develop
dementia this year that is 1 person every 3 minutes.
Does Memory Loss Mean A Person Has Dementia?
Although loss of memory usually occurs in dementia, loss of
memory alone does not mean a person has dementia. People lose some degree of
memory as they get older. Naturally occurring memory loss isn’t considered
dementia. At least
2 of thefollowing cognitive functions must be significantly damaged to be
considered dementia:
- Loss of memory
- Problem communicating or understanding language
- Inability to focus
- Inability to make decisions or judgments
- Lack of visual perception
What are the Types of
Dementia?
The different types of dementia include:
- Alzheimer’s disease. It
is the most common for of dementia, accounting for 60 to 80 percent of all
dementia cases. Alzheimer’s causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior.
- Vascular dementia.
It is the second most common type of dementia, which occurs after a stroke.
- Dementia with Lewy
Bodies (DLB). It is a form of
progressive dementia that leads to a decline in thinking, reasoning
and independent function due to abnormal microscopic deposits that damage brain
cells over time.
- Parkinson’s disease
dementia. It is a cognitive impairment that ultimately affects many people
with Parkinson's disease.
- Mixed dementia.
In this type of dementia, abnormal characteristics of more than one type of
dementia occur simultaneously.
- Frontotemporal
dementia (FTD). It is a group of disorders caused by progressive nerve cell
loss in the brain's frontal lobes (the areas behind the forehead) or its
temporal lobes (the regions behind the ears).
- Huntington’s disease.
It is a progressive brain disorder caused by a defective gene. This disease
causes changes in the central area of the brain, which affect movement, mood
and thinking skills.
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob
disease (CJD). It is the most common human form of a group of rare, fatal
brain disorders known as prion diseases.
- Normal pressure
hydrocephalus (NPH). It is a brain disorder in which excess cerebrospinal
fluid accumulates in the brain's ventricle, causing thinking and reasoning problems,
difficulty walking, and loss of bladder control.
- Wernicke-Korsakoff
Syndrome. It is a chronic memory disorder caused by severe deficiency of
thiamine (vitamin B-1). Korsakoff syndrome is most commonly caused by alcohol
misuse, but certain other conditions also can cause the syndrome.
- Posterior cortical
atrophy (PCA). It is the gradual and progressive degeneration of the outer
layer of the brain (the cortex) in the part of the brain located in the back of
the head (posterior).
Are there Warning Signs One Should Watch Out For?
What Are the Stages of Dementia?
Dementia may have several stages such as, mild, moderate or
severe. A dementia patient may fall into 2 different stages at once. Progression
of a patient’s condition cannot be determined by the stages of dementia. A
patient may remain in a particular stage for a few months or a several years. Progression
of the disease varies in patient to patient.
What Are the Causes
of Dementia?
Death of the nerve cells in the brain causes dementia. Dementia
may be caused by head injury, stroke or a brain tumor. Since, death of brain
cells may occur in different parts of the brain, dementia’s affect on people
may vary from person to person.
What Are the Signs
and symptoms of Dementia?
Dementia, in its early stage may have signs like forgetting
things, difficulty performing tasks that were previously done without effort,
losing common items such as keys, glasses etc. Difficulty learning new things
is a very common early sign of dementia. Many Alzheimer’s patients or patients
with other forms of dementia are unaware about their problems. The behavioral
changes become evident with the progression of the disease. Patients fail to
perform simple tasks, such as putting on clothes or going to the bathroom. Some
patients may forget their phone numbers, addresses or their date of birth. They
may be unaware about their surrounding environment. Some patients may forget to
take their food, which may lead to marked weight loss. At the late stages of
dementia, patients often cannot recognize their friends or family members. They
lose their ability to communicate effectively. They become unable to care for
themselves and need help of others to perform daily activities. As the disease
progresses, patients start to forget how to walk or how to get up from a chair.
Can Dementia Be Reversed?
Doctors may identify the causes of certain dementia,
therefore conditions can be reversed with proper treatment.
- When dementia-like conditions occur from fever or other infections
such as meningitis, encephalitis, syphilis, Lyme disease. Dementia from immune
disorders such as leukemia and multiple sclerosis can also be reversed.
- Dementia from metabolic problems and abnormalities of
endocrine.
- When nutritional deficiencies cause dementia.
- When dementia is caused by poisoning.
- Subdural hematomas
- Rarely, brain tumors can cause dementia
- Reactions to medication